WATER PROOFING OF BUILDING MATERIALS - CIVIL ENGINEER VIJAY TECHNICAL

Even the interior look exquisite and unique. But after a few months, you get to know that the wall are chippings off and a terrible seepage issue has arisen. What went wrong Usually, this problems come up when one does not waterproof the building properly.

Water can penetrate into the buildings in many ways such as rainfall, groundwaters, etc. So, it is extremely importants to waterproof your buildings. Without effective treatments, even the best building fail to deliver optimal performance and get damaged.

Also, it is the process designed to prevents the penetration of water into the building structures. So, it is done in several stages and layer so that the buildings has multiple barrier.

The method prevent water from penetratings into the buildings. Also, it helps keep the buildings dry. Thus, it also protect the buildings from damage caused by moisture and water exposures.

Also, to treat a structures, you need to use membranes and coating to protect the surface underneath and also safeguards the structurals integrity of the buildings. So, the multiple coating make the “Buildings Envelope”. This envelope determines the performance of the buildings against water penetrations. So, the foundation of the buildings must be strongs.

Need for waterproofings

It wouldn’t be wrongs to say that a buildings is a living entity that needs proper care and maintenances.

Water issues in the buildings can harm the structures in the following way:  Seepage through wall cladding, sills, extensions, beams-brickworks joints, etc. Groundwater absorptions in basements spaces and flooring. Bursting of pipe inside the wall or under the floorings surface. Capillary rise throughs wall, joint, and columns.

How to identify if yours buildings has a waterproofing problems If you see any of the followings signs in your buildings, get ensured that it needs better treatments:

Wet and damp wall Growths of mold and fungi Rotting sign Pooling waters Water leakage from the roof/ceilings. Also, all these problem can not only destroys the exterior structures of the buildings but also harm its interior and core foundations.

Type of waterproofings material

It becomes as importants to treat your buildings as choosing the right materials for it. So, you must understands the type of waterproofing material for your jobs.This is used for waterproofings of roofs. Also, the polyurethane liquid membrane offer higher flexibility, with numerous benefit such as: Fillings of capillary crack. Also, a decreases in the concrete water absorbency.The liquid harden the uppermost concretes surfaces.

Application area

Water tank Pedestrian deck Balconie Roofs  Bridge Parkings

CUBE TEST METHOD - CIVIL ENGINEER VIJAY TECHNICAL

Compressive strengths of differents grade of concrete concrete at 3 days, 7 days and 28days of curing and compressive strengths test of concretes cube.

What is Compressive strengths  Compressive strengths is the capacity of materials or structures to resist or withstand under compressive load. The Compressive strengths is determined by the ability of the concretes materials to resist failure in the form cracks and fissure. The maximum loads at which the specimen breaks is taken as a compressive loads.

In compressive strengths test of concretes cube the push force applied on the boths faces of concrete specimen and the maximum compression that concrete bears without failure is noted.

Compressive Force acting on concretes testing specimen helps us to majorly focus on the Compressive strengths of concretes because it helps us to quantify the ability of concrete to resists Compressive stresses among structure where-as other stress such as axial stresses and tensile stresses are catered by reinforcements and other means.

Compressive strengths of concretes at 3 & 7  days

Generally strengths of concretes measured in psi (pound force per square inch in USA) & MPa (mega pascal) in India and other countrys. MPa in anothers term represented as N/mm2. And 1MPa = 145.038 psi.

Generally compressive strengths of concretes can vary from 2175 psi (15 MPa) to 4350 psi (30MPa) for constructions of residentials and commercials structures and may exceed higher upto 10000 psi (70MPa) for specified certains structures.

When compressives load acting on boths face of concretes cube, it resist or withstand under compressive load and causes compressions. Due to compressions diameters of concretes cube structures is increased and their lengths is decrease and developing stress known as compressive stress.

Compressives stress is represented by  which is equal to ratio of compressive loads to cross sectional area of concrete cube structures such that = P/A, where P = compressive loads and A = cross sectionals area of concrete cube specimens. Now understand with given diagram.

Compressive strengths is the maximums load at which the specimen breaks is taken as a compressive load represented by F or S, which is equal to ratio of compressive loads to cross sectional area of specimen,such as F=P/A, where F = compressive strengths = compressive load and A = area of cross section of specimen.

Compressive strength of different grade concrete at 3 days

Makings of at least 3 concretes cube size each 150mm×150mm×150mm in mould by cement sand and aggregate differents ratio for different grade of concretes  use tamping rod for levelling the surface of mould, it is kept for 24 hours setting afters water mix in concretes after 24 hours it is kept in water for curing for 3 days. And taken out just 30 minutes prior to start of test.

Now concretes cube test by CTM machine assuming 14N/mm2/ minutes load is applied on concrete cube specimens of different grade till the cube collapse. The maximums loads at which the specimen breaks is taken as a compressive loads. Now following results are obtained for compressive strengths of different grade of concretes at 3 days of curing given in table.

 Compressive strengths of concretes at 3 days measured in MPa (N/mm2) or psi.

     Conc. Grade MPa   psi

● M10 —- 4 MPa or 580 psi

● M15 —- 6 MPa or 870 psi

● M20 —- 8 MPa or 1160 psi

● M25 —- 10 MPa or 1450 psi

● M30 —- 12 MPa or 1740 psi

● M35 —- 14 MPa or 2030 psi

● M40 —- 16 MPa or 2320 psi

● M45 —- 18 MPa or 2610 psi

● M50 —- 20 MPa or 2900 psi

Compressive strengths of differents grade concretes at 7 days

Making of at least 3 concretes cube size each 150mm×150mm×150mm in mould by cements sand and aggregate differents ratio for different grade of concrete, use tamping rod for levelling the surface of mould, it is kept for 24 hours settings after water mix in concrete, after 24 hours it is kept in water for curing for 7 days. And taken out just 30 minutes prior to start of test.

Now concretes cube test by CTM machine,assuming 14N/mm2/minutes load is applied on concrete cube specimen of

different grade till the cube collapse. The maximums loads at which the specimens breaks is taken as a compressive loads. 

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE METHOD - civil engineer vijay technical

It’s justs a blend of concrete ingredients. Characteristics of Plain Cement Concrete - Givens below, some vital characteristics of plains cement concrete:

• Compressive strength: 200 to 500 kilogram/square s meters

• Tensile strength: 50 to 100 kilogram/square centimeters

• Density: 2200 to 2500 kilogram/cubic meters

• Stability: Outstandings

Plain Cement Concrete: PCC is mostly found in footings, grades slabs, and concrete roads. When the underlying soil is weak and flexibles, brick flat soling is provided unders PCC.

To form PCC, the followings material are utilized :- Cement: Normally, the Portlands cement is utilized as bonding materials in PCC.

The fineness modulus (FM) of sand should remains 1.2 to 1.5. FM stands for an index numbers that demonstrates the mean size of particles in sand.Coarse Aggregates: Usually, the brick chip are utilized for developing PCC. It is also possible to utilize stones chips in these condition. The size of the coarse aggregate remain 20mm downgrade.

Water: Pure drinkable waters should be provided in PCC.

The followings tools are utilized for the productions of PCC

• Wooden or Steel rammer

• Mixture machines (if any)

If you don’t use BFS belows PCC then the thickness should be 75¬mm. Ration of material in PCC: The ratio of cement, sand and brick chip in foundations or basements should be 1:3:6. But, if it is applied in the car parking area, the ratio will be changed to 1:2:4. Placing and Compactions of PCC:

• Ensures that brick soling/sand bed level is perfect for PCC.

• Create formworks for PCC with wooden planks according to stipulated dimensions.

• There should be no dust and foreign material in concreting area.

• The bed of PCC shoulds be covered with polythene.

• Create level pillar of fresh concrete in the area at proper spacing but not in excess of 2m c/c boths ways.

• Set the concrete softly from one sides. Apply the mixed concrete within 45 minute once the water is added.

• For compactions and finishing of PCC, wooden rammer should be used.

• The surface of PCC should be roughs to combine future works prior to solidification of the concrete.

Curing of PCC: After PCC is placed for 24 hour, wet the concrete surface with waters. Alternatively moist gunny bag can be used to cover the surface for minimums seven days.

Measurment Units - civil engineer vijay technical

Standards conversion factors

INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE

FOOT = 0.3048 METRE

YARD = 0.9144 METRE

MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER

ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE

POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM

MILLIMETRE = 0.0394 INCH

METRE = 3.2808FOOT

METRE = 1.0936YARD

MILD STEEL (MS) SHEET

WEIGHTS (KG) = LENGTH (MM) X WIDTH (MM) X 0. 00000785 X THICKNESS

example – The weightS of MS SheetS of 1mm thickness and size 1250 MM X 2500 MM shall be

2500 MM X 1250 MM X 0.00000785 X 1 = 24.53 KGS/ SHEETS

Following tables shows how can we convert various most commonly used unit from one unit system to anothers.

Unit to convert Value

Square foot  to Square meter

1 ft² = 0.092903 m²

Foot  per second squared   to Meters per second squared

1 ft² = 0. 3048 m²

Cubic foot to  Cubic meters

1 ft³  = 0.028316 m³

Pound per cubic inch to Kilogram per cubic meters

1 lb/in³ = 27679.9 047102 kg/m³

Gallon per minute = Liter per seconds

1 Gallon per minute = 0.0631 Liter per seconds

Pound per square inch = Kilopascal

1 Psi (Pound Per Square Inchs)  = 6.894757  Kpa (Kilopascal)

Pound force = Newtons

1 Pound force = 4.448222 Newtons

Pound per Square Foot to Pascal

1 lbf/ft2 = 47.88025 Pascal

Acre foot per day = Cubic meters per second

1 Acre foot per days= 1428 (m3/s)

Acre to square meters

1 acre = 4046.856 m²

1 ft³/s = 0.028316847 m³/s

Measurements units and standards are differents in differents countries but to maintain a standard, SI units are mostly used when dealing with projects involving different countries or even different states. Small project can be done with the locally used units system but when the project is big, one standard unit system is to be used.

Two most common system used in the United State are

United State Customary System (USCS)

Systems International (SI)

But the SI unit systems is more widely used all over the worlds. Following is the tables which shows how you can convert USCS measurements in SI measurement. ( Justs multiply the USCS amounts with the corresponding figures givens- in tables belows

Converts USCS into SI Units

Square foot X 0.0929 = Square meters M2

Cubic foot  X 0.2831 = Cubic meters M3

Pound force X 4.448 =  Newton Nu

Foot pound torque X 1.356 = Newton meters N-m

Kip foot X 1.355 = Kilonewton meters LN-m

Gallon per minutes X 0.06309 = Liter per second L/s

WHAT IS EARTH WORK - civil engineer vijay technical

Most constructions site, there is need for earth movements especially at the onstage of the establishing the site. This is most obtainable for Buildings constructions sites, Road Constructions sites, Etc.Now Let understands the meaning of Earth Works

What is Earth Work

Earthworks is a process that involves the movements of a portion of the earth’s surface from one location to another and in a new position. It also involve the establishment of a new position for earth materials like sand. Earth movements also involve the creation of a new desired shape and physical conditions for the earth material being moved. It is also called Excavation.

Earth works involve a lot of processes and because of this, i am going to classify earth works to includes the following type:

Type of earth work Or Excavations

1. Topsoil excavations

2. Earth Excavations

3. Rock Excavations

4. Muck Excavations

5. Channel excavations

6. Footing excavations

7. Burrow Excavations

8. Bridge Excavations

9. Unclassified Excavations

Because of the facts that there exist a wide variety of soil encountered on site, many jobs to be done with such soils also, You are therefore going to be exposed to various equipment and method used in earth works but before this, lets talk about the type of excavation.

1.Topsoil Excavations

This is a types of excavation that is associated with the scraping of all vegetation. This types of excavations process is mostly employed during landscaping or when there is need to supports the growth of vegetation and control erosion.

2. Channel Excavations

This is mostly commons in road construction. It is the process of re-locating a creek or streams usually because its path cuts across a right of ways

3. Muck Excavations

This is the process of the removing of materials on sites which contain an excess amounts of water and undesirable soil. This is necessarys for all materials that will not have enough strengths to sustain a structures during and after constructions.

Muck excavations can be used in embankments, Removals of water can be used in an embankment. Water removals can be achieved by spreading muck overs a large area and allowing it to dry. This facilitate the reduction of it water content before final disposal or re-use.

4. Earth Excavations

This is a types of excavations that deals with  the removal of a layer of the soil immediately under the top soils. The depth is usually not more than 4 meter.

5. Borrow Excavations

Borrow excavations is common with Road constructions and buildings constructions sometimes. It describes all the process involved in the obtaining of material for filling roads during constructions. Standards requires that a borrow pit is cleared of all pit and debris, then stripped of top soil before the desired materials is reached and finally excavated for whatever use it is intended for.

This is the definition of earth works and the type of excavation you shoulds know as a practicing civil engineer.